KOMPLEKSITAS PEMERTAHANAN DAN REVITALISASI BAHASA MINORITAS DI INDONESIA: PENGALAMAN PROYEK DOKUMENTASI RONGGA, FLORES
Abstract
This paper discusses complexities faced by the minority Rongga people in the
context of language maintenance and revitalization, based on feld experience
in documenting the Rongga language. Issues in language maintenance
and revitalization are discussed from a range of macro-variables such as
historical, socio-political, cultural, economic and sociolinguistic factors. It is
demonstrated that the Rongga case is a typical complex situation faced by
minority ethnic groups in Indonesia who have been increasingly marginalized
in almost every aspect. The low capacity of maintaining their language/culture
is a result of a long and complex process which the people of Rongga have
experienced. The effect is that internal and external support has been always
weak or absent. Internally, pride of own language/culture is always low; the
function of traditional custom (adat) laws is signifcantly reduced; poverty is
widespread, and there are problems with local human resources. Externally,
the Rongga people have been dominated by outsiders at all levels, including
at the local level. The introduction of the new Javanese-style village structure
has negatively affected the vitality of the Rongga people. In addition, Rongga
language is also under pressure from the national/regional language policy in
Indonesia. The paper discusses the prospect and challenges ahead, and reports
the activities undertaken in the feld work.
Keywords: language maintenance, language revitalization, language
documentation, minority language, ethnic of Rongga, Flores
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Arka, I Wayan. 2004a. ”Palatography in a feldwork setting: Investigating and
analysing alveolar continuant [r] and [ɹ] in Rongga,” dalam I. W. Pastika and
I. N. Darma Putra (eds.). Wibawa Bahasa. hlm. 40--50. Denpasar: Program
Pascasarjana Linguistik, Universitas Udayana.
———.Dalam proses. “What do we know from numerals in Rongga?”, dalam J.
Bowden dan N. Himmelmann (ed.). Fetschrift for Andy Pawley. Canberra:
Pacifc Linguistics.
———. Dalam proses. “Ritual dance and song in language documentation: Vera in
Rongga and the struggle over culture and tradition in modern ManggaraiIndonesia,” dalam M. Florey (ed.). Language Endangerment in the Austronesian
World: Challenges and Responses. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Arka, I Wayan, Jeladu Kosmas, dan I Nyoman Suparsa. 2007. Bahasa Rongga:
tatabahasa acuan ringkas. Canberra: Linguistics Department.
Arka, I Wayan, Frasnsiscus Seda, Antonius Gelang, Yohanes Nani, and Ivan Ture.
Rongga-English Dictionary, Kamus Rongga-Indonesia. Canberra:
Department of Linguistics, RSPAS, ANU.
Arka, I Wayan, dan Ivan Ture. 2007. Nunu Nange Ngaja Rongga, Cerita bahasa
Rongga, Stories from Rongga. Canberra: Department of Linguistics, ANU.
Arka, I Wayan., I Ketut Artawa, Masayoshi Shibatani, dan Fay Wouk. 2007. ”Voice
Constructions in the Austronesian languages of Flores.” Makalah dibentangkan
pada pada National Congress of Indonesian Linguistics Society (MLI-XII), 3-6
September 2006, Surakarta - Indonesia.
Arka, I Wayan., 1993. “Central and central-eastern Malayo-Polynesian,” dalam
Oceanic Linguistics 32 (2):241--293.
BPS, (Badan Pusat Statistik). 2006. Statistik Kesejahteraan Rakyat Jakarta.
Crystal, David. 2000. Language Death. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Dixon, R.M.W. 1991. “The endangered languages of Australia, Indonesia and
Oceania,” dalam R. H. Robins and E. M. Uhlenbeck (eds.). Endangered
languages. Providence: Berg Publisher Ltd.
Dorian, N. 1982. “Language loss and maintenance in language contact situations,”
dalam R. D. Lambert and B. F. Freed (eds). The Loss of Language Skills. hlm.
-59. Rowley, MA: Newbury House Publishers.
Fasold, R. 1992. The Sociolinguistics of Society. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell.
Fernandes, Inyo Yos. 1996. Relasi Historis Kekerabatan Bahasa Flores. Jakarta:
Nusa Indah.
Fishman, Joshua A. 1991. Reversing Language Shift: Theoretical and empirical
Foundations of Assistance to Threatened Languages. Clevedon: Multilingual
Matters.
Grenoble, L.A., and L.J. Whaley. 1998. “Toward a typology of language
endangerment,” dalam L. J. Whaley (ed.). Endangered languages: current
issues and future prospects. Hlm. 22--54. Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press.
King, Kendall A. 2001. Language Revitalisation Processes and Prospects. Sydney:
Multilingual Matters Ltd.
Kinkade, M.D. 1991. “The decline of native languages in Canada,” dalam E. M.
Uhlenbeck (ed.). Endangered languages. Hlm. 157--176. Oxford: Berg.
Kosmas, Jaladu, and I Wayan Arka. 2005. “Grammatical relations in Rongga:
a preliminary analysis.” Paper presented at Congress of the Indonesian
Linguistics Society, at Padang, Indonesia, 18 - 21 Juli 2005.
Krauss, Michael. 1992. “The world’s languages in crisis,” dalam Language 68 (1):4-
Kuipers, J.C. 1998. Language, identity, and marginality in Indonesia: The changing
nature of ritual speech on the island of Sumba. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press.
Laksono, P.M. 2002. “We are all one,” dalam Inside Indonesia, April-June 2002.
Laksono, P.M, and Roem Topatimasang, eds. 2004. Ken sa faak: Benih-benih
perdamaian dari kepulauan Kei. Tual-Yogyakarta: Nen Mas Il - Insist Press.
Marshall, D.F. 1994. "Language maintenance and revival,“ in Annual Review of
Applied Linguistics (14):20-33.
Nahir, M. 1984. “Language planning goals: a classifcation,” in Language problems
and language planning 8 (3):294-327.
Senft, Gunter. 1997. “Magic, missionaries and religion: Some observations from the
Trobriand Islands,” dalam T. Otto and A. Borsboom (eds.). Cultural dynamics
of religious change in Oceania. Hlm. 45--58. Leiden: KITLV Press.
———. Dalam proses. “Culture change - language change: Missionaries and moribund
varieties of Kilivila,” dalam G. Senft (ed.). Canberra: Pacifc Linguistics.
Sneddon, James. 2006. Colloquial Jakartan Indonesian. Canberra: Pacifc Linguistics.
Yanani, Yohanes, I Wayan Arka, and Ivan Ture. 2007. Bahasa Rongga: Pedoman
Pengembangan dan Pengajaran Kelas IV Sekolah Dasar. Canberra: Proyek
Dokumentasi Bahasa dan Budaya Rongga.
Arka, I Wayan., 2006. “Language vitality test: Designed for the languages of Central
Maluku Eastern Indonesia.” Paper presented at Workshop on Language
Documentation, Ubud-Indonesia July 2006.
Blust, Robert. 1978. “Eastern Malayo-Polynesian: a subgrouping argument,” dalam
Summary of the 130pp paper presented at the conference, edited by S. A.
Wurm and L. Carrington.
Florey, Margaret. 2005. “Overview: The languages of Central Maluku,” dalam
Monash University Linguistic Papers.
———. 2004b. “Referring to space in Balinese and Rongga: Its linguistic and cultural
signifcance.” Makalah dibentangkan pada Workshop on spatial expressions, at
Linguistics Department, the ANU, November 2004.
———. 2006a. “A note on classifers and numerals in Rongga.” Makalah dibentangkan
pada the 10th International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics, at
Palauan, the Philippines.
———. 2006b. “Spatial expressions in Balinese and Rongga.” Makalah dibentangkan
pada Congress of the Indonesian Linguistics Society, Padang, Indonesia, 18 -
Juli 2005; and ICAL Palawan Januari 2006.
———. 2007a. “Creole genesis and extreme analyticity in Flores languages.”
Makalah dibentangkan pada ENUS (East Nusantara Conference), di Kupang
Indonesia, Agustus 2007.
———. 2007b. “Local autonomy, local capacity building and support for minority
languages: feld experiences from Indonesian.” Makalah dibentangkan
pada International Conference on Endangered Austronesian Language
Documentation (Junei 5--7, 2007), Taipei, Taiwan.
Paauw, Scott. 2007. “Malay contact varieties in Eastern Indonesia.” Makalah
dibentangkan pada Workshop on the languages of Papua, ManokwariIndonesia 8-10 Agustus 2007.
Sumitri, Ni Wayan. 2005. "Ritual Dhasa Jawa pada Masyarakat Petani Rongga".
Thesis Megister, Universitas Udayana.
Suparsa, I Nyoman. 2009. " Fokologi Bahan Ronga". Disertasi Doktor. Universitas
Udayana.
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
